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Abstract

During the troubled years following the Civil War many individuals from the North were involved in the economic, social, and political affairs of the former Confederate states. Because the elevation of freed blacks to full citizenship was one of their goals— and deeply resented by Southerners— these men were often castigated by contemporary native whites and subsequently by historians. Denounced as “carpetbaggers” who came into the South to plunder for personal gain while native leaders were disfranchised and unable to prevent it, these men received low marks from historians of all regions who studied the Reconstruction South.

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