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Abstract

The Ten Years War which began in 1868 came to an unheralded end in the interior of Camaguey Province in eastern Cuba. A decade after the “Grito de Yara,” Cubans and Spaniards met in the remote village of Zanjon to put a formal, if only ceremonial, end to the ill-fated struggle for Cuban independence. The Pact of Zanjon in 1878 brought to an end one cycle of immigration and precipitated the onset of another. The outbreak of hostilities in Cuba in 1868 set into motion the first in a series of population dislocations. Separatists unable to participate in the armed struggle, together with thousands of sympathizers seeking to escape the anticipated wrath of Spanish colonial administration, scattered throughout Europe, Latin America, and the United States. By the end of the first year of armed struggle, some 100,000 Cubans had sought refuge abroad.

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