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Abstract

The outcome of the American Revolution left the Creek confederacy in a perilous state. Most Creeks had sided with the British and were dismayed when they learned in 1783 that Britain had bought peace largely at their expense. Alexander McGillivray, the half-breed Creek, spoke for his people when he conveyed their anger to British authorities at finding their “country betrayed . . . and divided between the Spaniards and Americans.“

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