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Abstract

At dawn, September 20, 1565, four hundred Spanish soldiers under the command of the Adelantado (military governor) Pedro Menendez de Aviles launched a surprise attack on Fort Caroline, a French outpost located in the lower reaches of what is today the St. Johns River in northern Florida. The assault could not have come at a worse time for the fort's residents. Ten days earlier, most of the fighting men in the settlement had sailed south to St. Augustine with Jean Ribault to launch a preemptive strike against Menendez, who had just landed in the area. What could have been a resounding victory for the French evaporated when a hurricane dispersed and damaged their fleet within sight of their enemies' makeshift fortifications.

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