Authors

S. Embleton; S. Sparks;C. C. Zou

Comments

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Abbreviated Journal Title

Secur. Commun. Netw.

Keywords

system management mode; rootkit; malware; hardware security; operating; system security; Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications

Abstract

The emergence of hardware virtualization technology has led to the development of OS independent malware such as the virtual machine-based rootkits (VMBRs). In this paper, we draw attention to a different but related threat that exists on many commodity systems in operation today: The system management Mode based rootkit (SMBR). System Management mode (SMM) is a relatively obscure mode on Intel processors used for low-level hardware control. It has its own private memory space and execution environment which is generally invisible to code running outside (e.g., the Operating System). Furthermore, SMM code is completely non-preemptible, lacks any concept of privilege level, and is immune to memory protection mechanisms. These features make it a potentially attractive home for stealthy rootkits used for high-profile targeted attacks. In this paper, we present our development of a proof of concept SMM rootkit. In it, we explore the potential of system management mode for malicious use by implementing a chipset level keylogger and a network backdoor capable of directly interacting with the network card to send logged keystrokes to a remote machine via UDP and receive remote command packets stealthily. By modifying and reflashing the BIOS, the SMM rootkit can install itself on a computer even if the computer has originally locked its SMM. The rootkit hides its memory footprint and requires no changes to the existing operating system. It is compared and contrasted with VMBRs. Finally, techniques to defend against these threats are explored. By taking an offensive perspective we hope to help security researchers better understand the depth and scope of the problems posed by an emerging class of OS independent malware.

Journal Title

Security and Communication Networks

Volume

6

Issue/Number

12

Publication Date

1-1-2013

Document Type

Article

Language

English

First Page

1590

Last Page

1605

WOS Identifier

WOS:000327467600015

ISSN

1939-0114

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