Event Title
Parallel Session 15, Motivation and Satisfaction Track: A Study of the Emotions Experienced by Attendees and Non-Attendees: Evidence from the Tour de France
Location
Classroom 209
Start Date
14-12-2017 12:45 PM
End Date
14-12-2017 1:10 PM
Description
Previous studies of impacts and experiences of sports events have largely focussed on the economic benefits to a region or city or the immediate feel good social factor. The study of other impacts is less prevalent but has recently begun to attract the attention of researchers with a number of studies looking at various socio-cultural impacts (Bull & Lovell, 2007). Whereas many tend to focus on either pre or post event data, others have begun to explore the immediately conscious or in–situ experience of attending an event. This paper contributes to this work by examining how spectator emotions vary over time considering the affective pre, during and post viewing and participation experience with reference to influence of context of attending or watching stages one and two of the 2014 Tour de France in Yorkshire.
The Tour de France is an annual sporting occasion and each year it alternatively traverses a clockwise or anticlockwise route through France. Unusually for a hallmark event it also has a history of partnerships with hosts outside of France (Berridge, 2012). For the 2014 version there were three stages in the UK. Two were held in Yorkshire and a third ran from Cambridge and finished in London. According to the post-event evaluation conducted by Leeds City Council and partners (2014), 3.5 million unique spectators watched the race over the three stages.
Specifically, in relation to the Tour de France there is a paucity of literature on social or cultural impacts. Referring to the after–effects or legacy of an event, Berridge (2012a) discussed image formation and policy impact (2012b) of the 2007 Tour de France. More recently Balduck, Maes and Buelens (2011) considered residents' perceptions both pre- and post-event by identifying the social impacts that predict residents' willingness to host the Tour de France in the future. In contrast, Leeds City Council and partners (2014) report on the impact of the 2014 event focusses upon economic benefit and legacy, although there is some mention of cultural contribution on the day in terms of artistic output.
The population for collecting data was spectators who had watched a stage of the Tour de France live either on the road side, in a spectator hub or on television. A self-completed questionnaire hosted on an on-line website was used to collect data. Self-completed questionnaires have been widely used to assess participant motivation to attend other general festival and event research (Getz, 2012) (see for example Nicholson and Pearce, 2011; Van Zyl and Botha, 2004; Kim et. al., 2010; Richards and Wilson, 2004) and in assessing sport based event spectators and fandom (for example Wann, 1995; Madrigal, 2003). A total of 188 respondents participated in the online questionnaire.
The PANAS scale (Merz et al., 2013) was used to collect information on the respondent's feelings before, during and after the race. This scale was used to measure the affective experience of the attendees, asking participants to indicate the degree to which they experienced each feeling on a scale of 1-5 with 5 being ‘strongly agree'. Consistent with other studies, (de Carvalho et al., 2013), factor analysis was undertaken using Maximum Likelihood and Varimax rotation. The purpose of the factor analysis was to explore any clusters of emotions before, during and after the races.
The vast majority watched the event by the roadside with the highest positive value feelings of ‘Interested, Excited and Enthusiastic' occurring during the live action. Negative feelings were more variable but a highest rating for ‘Afraid' increased during the event, suggesting feelings of not wanting to miss anything (action). The paper indicates that further exploration of the emotions experienced before, during and after an event is required in order to more fully understand the complexity of the numerous factors that can influence this.
For those planning and staging such events it suggests that the regularity of occurrence should be a factor when designing component experiential moments and overall experience. In the case of cycling and similar multi-stage or multi-site events the mapping (route) and layout of the active spectator and participant arena can be carefully constructed to provide potential emotional hot spots.
Balduck, A.-L., Meas, M., & Buelens, M. (2011). The social impact of the Tour de France: Comparisons of residents pre- and post-event perceptions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(2), 91-113.
Berridge, G. (2012). Event experience: a case study of differences between the way in which organizers plan an event experience and the way in which guests receive the experience. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 30(3), 7-23.
Berridge, G. (2012a). The promotion of cycling in London: The impact of the 2007 Tour de France Grand Depart on the image and provision of cycling in the capital. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 17(1), 43-61.
Berridge, G. (2012b). The impact of the 2007 Tour de France Grand Depart on cycling in London: a review of social and cultural legacy. In Bonham, J. & Lumb, P. Australian Cycling Conference 2012 : Proceedings of the 4th Australian Cycling Conference RiAus, Adelaide 16-17 January 2012. Australian Cycling Conference, Adelaide, 42-56.
Bull, C. J., & Lovell, J. (2007). The impact of hosting major sporting events on local residents: An analysis of the views and perceptions of Canterbury residents in relation to the Tour de France 2007. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 12(3-4), 229-248.
de Carvalho, H. W., Andreoli, S. B., Lara, D. R., Patrick, C. J., Quintana, M. I., Bressan, R. A., . . . Jorge, M. R. (2013). Structural validity and reliability of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Evidence from a large Brazilian community sample. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35, 169-172.
Getz, D. (2005). Event management and event tourism , 2nd ed. New York : Cognizant Communication.
Kim, Y. G., Suh, B. W., & Eves, A. (2010) The relationships between food-related personality traits, satisfaction, and loyalty among visitors attending food events and festivals. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(2), 216-226.
Leeds City Council (2014). Three Inspirational Days.
Madrigal, R. (2003). Investigating an evolving leisure experience: Antecedents and consequences of spectator affect during a live sporting event. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 23-48.
Merz, E. L., Malcarne, V. L., Roesch, S. C., Ko, C. M., Emerson, M., Roma, V. G., & Sadler, G. R. (2013). Psychometric properties of Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) original and short forms in an African American community sample. Journal of affective disorders, 151(3), 942-949.
Nicholson, R. E., & Pearce, D. G. (2001). Why do people attend events: A comparative analysis of visitor motivations at four South Island events. Journal of Travel Research, 39(4), 449-460
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban studies, 41(10), 1931-1951
Social Research Associates (2007) The Tour de France- The Grand Depart 2007 Research Summary. London: TfL.
Wann, D. L. (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 19(4), 377-396.
Van Zyl, C. I. N. Á., & Botha, C. (2004). Motivational factors of local residents to attend the Aardklop National Arts Festival. Event management, 8(4), 213-222
Parallel Session 15, Motivation and Satisfaction Track: A Study of the Emotions Experienced by Attendees and Non-Attendees: Evidence from the Tour de France
Classroom 209
Previous studies of impacts and experiences of sports events have largely focussed on the economic benefits to a region or city or the immediate feel good social factor. The study of other impacts is less prevalent but has recently begun to attract the attention of researchers with a number of studies looking at various socio-cultural impacts (Bull & Lovell, 2007). Whereas many tend to focus on either pre or post event data, others have begun to explore the immediately conscious or in–situ experience of attending an event. This paper contributes to this work by examining how spectator emotions vary over time considering the affective pre, during and post viewing and participation experience with reference to influence of context of attending or watching stages one and two of the 2014 Tour de France in Yorkshire.
The Tour de France is an annual sporting occasion and each year it alternatively traverses a clockwise or anticlockwise route through France. Unusually for a hallmark event it also has a history of partnerships with hosts outside of France (Berridge, 2012). For the 2014 version there were three stages in the UK. Two were held in Yorkshire and a third ran from Cambridge and finished in London. According to the post-event evaluation conducted by Leeds City Council and partners (2014), 3.5 million unique spectators watched the race over the three stages.
Specifically, in relation to the Tour de France there is a paucity of literature on social or cultural impacts. Referring to the after–effects or legacy of an event, Berridge (2012a) discussed image formation and policy impact (2012b) of the 2007 Tour de France. More recently Balduck, Maes and Buelens (2011) considered residents' perceptions both pre- and post-event by identifying the social impacts that predict residents' willingness to host the Tour de France in the future. In contrast, Leeds City Council and partners (2014) report on the impact of the 2014 event focusses upon economic benefit and legacy, although there is some mention of cultural contribution on the day in terms of artistic output.
The population for collecting data was spectators who had watched a stage of the Tour de France live either on the road side, in a spectator hub or on television. A self-completed questionnaire hosted on an on-line website was used to collect data. Self-completed questionnaires have been widely used to assess participant motivation to attend other general festival and event research (Getz, 2012) (see for example Nicholson and Pearce, 2011; Van Zyl and Botha, 2004; Kim et. al., 2010; Richards and Wilson, 2004) and in assessing sport based event spectators and fandom (for example Wann, 1995; Madrigal, 2003). A total of 188 respondents participated in the online questionnaire.
The PANAS scale (Merz et al., 2013) was used to collect information on the respondent's feelings before, during and after the race. This scale was used to measure the affective experience of the attendees, asking participants to indicate the degree to which they experienced each feeling on a scale of 1-5 with 5 being ‘strongly agree'. Consistent with other studies, (de Carvalho et al., 2013), factor analysis was undertaken using Maximum Likelihood and Varimax rotation. The purpose of the factor analysis was to explore any clusters of emotions before, during and after the races.
The vast majority watched the event by the roadside with the highest positive value feelings of ‘Interested, Excited and Enthusiastic' occurring during the live action. Negative feelings were more variable but a highest rating for ‘Afraid' increased during the event, suggesting feelings of not wanting to miss anything (action). The paper indicates that further exploration of the emotions experienced before, during and after an event is required in order to more fully understand the complexity of the numerous factors that can influence this.
For those planning and staging such events it suggests that the regularity of occurrence should be a factor when designing component experiential moments and overall experience. In the case of cycling and similar multi-stage or multi-site events the mapping (route) and layout of the active spectator and participant arena can be carefully constructed to provide potential emotional hot spots.
Balduck, A.-L., Meas, M., & Buelens, M. (2011). The social impact of the Tour de France: Comparisons of residents pre- and post-event perceptions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(2), 91-113.
Berridge, G. (2012). Event experience: a case study of differences between the way in which organizers plan an event experience and the way in which guests receive the experience. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 30(3), 7-23.
Berridge, G. (2012a). The promotion of cycling in London: The impact of the 2007 Tour de France Grand Depart on the image and provision of cycling in the capital. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 17(1), 43-61.
Berridge, G. (2012b). The impact of the 2007 Tour de France Grand Depart on cycling in London: a review of social and cultural legacy. In Bonham, J. & Lumb, P. Australian Cycling Conference 2012 : Proceedings of the 4th Australian Cycling Conference RiAus, Adelaide 16-17 January 2012. Australian Cycling Conference, Adelaide, 42-56.
Bull, C. J., & Lovell, J. (2007). The impact of hosting major sporting events on local residents: An analysis of the views and perceptions of Canterbury residents in relation to the Tour de France 2007. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 12(3-4), 229-248.
de Carvalho, H. W., Andreoli, S. B., Lara, D. R., Patrick, C. J., Quintana, M. I., Bressan, R. A., . . . Jorge, M. R. (2013). Structural validity and reliability of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Evidence from a large Brazilian community sample. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35, 169-172.
Getz, D. (2005). Event management and event tourism , 2nd ed. New York : Cognizant Communication.
Kim, Y. G., Suh, B. W., & Eves, A. (2010) The relationships between food-related personality traits, satisfaction, and loyalty among visitors attending food events and festivals. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(2), 216-226.
Leeds City Council (2014). Three Inspirational Days.
Madrigal, R. (2003). Investigating an evolving leisure experience: Antecedents and consequences of spectator affect during a live sporting event. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 23-48.
Merz, E. L., Malcarne, V. L., Roesch, S. C., Ko, C. M., Emerson, M., Roma, V. G., & Sadler, G. R. (2013). Psychometric properties of Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) original and short forms in an African American community sample. Journal of affective disorders, 151(3), 942-949.
Nicholson, R. E., & Pearce, D. G. (2001). Why do people attend events: A comparative analysis of visitor motivations at four South Island events. Journal of Travel Research, 39(4), 449-460
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban studies, 41(10), 1931-1951
Social Research Associates (2007) The Tour de France- The Grand Depart 2007 Research Summary. London: TfL.
Wann, D. L. (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 19(4), 377-396.
Van Zyl, C. I. N. Á., & Botha, C. (2004). Motivational factors of local residents to attend the Aardklop National Arts Festival. Event management, 8(4), 213-222
