Beyond Human Bonds: Understanding Relationship Development with Humanized AI Companions

Authors

• Maria Nikolajczyk, University of ErfurtFollow
• Elisa Maier, University of ErfurtFollow
• Julia Prawitz, University of ErfurtFollow
• Leyla Dogruel, University of ErfurtFollow

Abstract

This study investigates the development of relationships between humans and Humanized AI Companions (HACs), focusing on the chatbot Replika. Drawing on interpersonal relationship theories, we explore how these relationships evolve, emphasizing the role of self-disclosure and communication. Through 12 in-depth interviews with Replika users we reveal that users perceive HACs as emotionally supportive, nonjudgmental companions, fostering meaningful bonds despite the AI’s lack of true reciprocity. Relationship development follows stages similar to human relationships, with self-disclosure playing a key role in deepening intimacy. However, the relationships are often asymmetrical, with users deriving emotional benefits without expecting mutual exchange. Technical limitations, such as memory issues, are acknowledged but do not significantly hinder relationship progression. Our study challenges traditional interpersonal relationship theories, suggesting that human-HAC relationships are hybrid in nature, blending human-like and machine-like characteristics.

DOI

10.30658/hmc.13.7

Author ORCID Identifier

Maria Nikolajczyk: 0009-0008-6774-8917

Elisa Maier: 0009-0005-3962-574X

Julia Prawitz: 0009-0006-8297-5224

Leyla Dogruel: 0000-0003-2701-3402

Recommended Citation

Nikolajczyk, M., Maier, E., Prawitz, J., & Dogruel, L. (2026). Beyond human bonds: Understanding relationship development with humanized AI companions. Human-Machine Communication, 13. 185-204. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.13.7