Type of Study - Research Synthesis

 

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Research Synthesis

Strike, Kenneth A., and George J. Posner, "Epistemological Perspectives on Conceptions of Curriculum Organization and Learning," pp. 106-141 in Lee Shulman, ed., Review of Research in Education, 4(1976). Itasca, IL: Peacock Publishers, 1977.*, Kenneth A. Strike and George J. Posner

Annotation: Analyzes different conceptions of curriculum organization and learning, citing the related research.

Broad Topical Focus: Defining Curriculum Research Questions,Inquiry Language in Curriculum Research
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Psychology and Curriculum

Strike, Kenneth, and George Posner, "Types of Synthesis and Their Criteria," pp. 345-362 in Spencer A. Ward and Linda J. Reed, eds., Knowledge Structure and Use: Implications for Synthesis and Interpretation . Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983., Kenneth Strike and George Posner

Annotation: Presents a classification scheme with examples for various types of syntheses (inductive, dialectics, interdisciplinary, and quasi-synthesis), along with a discussion of applicable criteria.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation

Suri, Harsh, and David Clarke, "Advancements in Research Synthesis Methods: From a Methodologically Inclusive Perspective," Review of Educational Research, 79(No. 1, 2009),395-430., Harsh Suri and David Clarke

Annotation: Highlights features of a methodologically inclusive research synthesis where connections can be made across interpretive, participatory, and critical lines.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation

Talmage, Harriet, "Evaluation of Programs," pp. 592-611 in Harold E. Mitzel, ed., Encyclopedia of Educational Research, fifth edition. New York: Macmillan, 1982., Harriet Talmage

Annotation: Reviews the rise of program evaluation, defines its purposes and assumptions, its methodological and political issues, and classifies various evaluation models.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Program Audit/Evaluation

Tanner, Daniel, "Curriculum Theory: Knowledge and Content," Review of Educational Research, 36(June, 1966), 362-372., Daniel Tanner

Annotation: Reviews studies between 1963 and 1966 on reorganizing curriculum content to conform to disciplined knowledge as structures.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Curriculum and the Disciplines

Tanner, Daniel, "The Structure and Function of the American Secondary School: A National Survey," pp. 95-113 in Peter S. Hlebowitsh and William G. Wraga, eds., Annual Review of Research for School Leaders. New York: Scholastic (NASSP), 1996., Daniel Tanner

Annotation: Reviews change in the secondary school's comprehensiveness over recent history and reports trends in a number of related dimensions

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History, Secondary School Curriculum, Content Selection and Organization

Tanner, Daniel, and Laurel N. Tanner, Curriculum Development: Theory into Practice. New York: Macmillan, 1975. Second Edition, 1980. Third Edition, 1995. Fourth Edition, 2007., Daniel Tanner and Laurel N. Tanner

Annotation: Provides a comprehensive text on curriculum development; chapters 4 through 8 in the 1975 edition and chapters 6 through 10 in the 1980 edition are historical in nature.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History

Thiessen, Dennis, "Researching Student Experiences in Elementary and Secondary School: An Evolving Field of Study," pp. 1-76 in Dennis Thiessen and Alison Cook-Sather, eds., International Handbook of Student Experiences in Elementary and Secondary School. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2007., Dennis Thiessen

Annotation: Gives a comprehensive overview of the available research on the topic, organized around three "orientations" in each of which are catalogued and described the major studies done in the periods 1966-1990 and 1991-2005; 28 articles follow which report research studies on specific subtopics.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching, Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum as Experience

Tittle, Carol Kehr, "Research on Sex Equity in Education: An Agenda for the Divisions, SIG's and AERA," Educational Researcher, 14(November, 1985), 10-18., Carol Kehr Tittle

Annotation: Examines the research on sex equity in education and recommends actions in AERA based upon her findings.

Broad Topical Focus: Defining Curriculum Research Questions, Curriculum Research Domains and Structure, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: American/International Curriculum Organizations

Toohey, Kellen, "Minority Education Failure: Is Dialect a Factor?" Curriculum Inquiry, 16(Summer, 1986), 127-145., Kellen Toohey

Annotation: Summarizes the literature on the topic; concludes that differences in ways language is used in school and in minority communities outside school deserves further investigation; suggests teachers do their own inquiries into these matters.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching, Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Multiethnic Adaptation, English

Tyler, Ralph W., "Changing Concepts of Educational Evaluation," Special Monograph Issue, International Journal of Educational Research, 10(No. 1, 1986), 1-113., Ralph W. Tyler

Annotation: Capsulizes basic knowledge about doing educational evaluation in a comprehensive monograph.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry, Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Program Audit/Evaluation, Student Assessment

Unks, Gerald, "Three Nations' Curricula: What Can We Learn from Them?" NASSP Bulletin, 76(December, 1992), 30-46.*, Gerald Unks

Annotation: Surveys subjects in the curriculum of Japan, Great Britain, and Germany, and relates this information to policy issues in U. S. curriculum

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Comparative Curriculum

Van Geel, Tyll, Authority to Control the School Program. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1976., Geel Tyll Van

Annotation: Describes legal bases for controlling the curriculum; draws policy implications.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry, Deliberative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Freedom/Authority and Curriculum, Local Control of Schooling

Vars, Gordon F., "Common Learnings: A 50-Year Quest," Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 16(Fall, 2000), 70-89.*, Gordon F. Vars

Annotation: Traces the scholarly history of common learnings and the core or integrated design for organizing curriculum content; includes summaries of Vars' work related to these topics.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Theorists, Curriculum Conceptions and Theories
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry, Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Curriculum Integration, Core Mandates, Liberal Education/General Education

Vars, Gordon F., and William T. Lowe, "Societal Forces Influencing Curriculum Decisions," Review of Educational Research, 33(June, 1963), 254-267., Gordon F. Vars and William T. Lowe

Annotation: Examines research on social realities and social problems that relate to selection of curricular subject matter and learning experiences.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences, Curriculum Decision-making Processes
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization

Venezky, Richard L.,"Texbooks in School and Society," pp. 436-462 in Philip W. Jackson, ed., Handbook of Research on Curriculum. New York: Macmillan, 1992., Richard L. Venezky

Annotation: Defines the nature and value of textbooks in U. S. schools, reviews the control of the content of textbooks, and traces the historical evolution of school textbooks.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Textbooks, Curriculum History, Materials Development and Evaluation

Waetjen, Walter B., "Curiosity and Exploration: Roles in Intellectual Development and Learning," pp. 40-58 in A. Harry Passow and Robert R. Leeper, eds., Intellectual Development: Another Look . Washington, DC: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1964., Walter B. Waetjen

Annotation: Summarizes studies of curiosity and related variables that have implications for education.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Psychology and Curriculum

Waks, Leonard J., "Philosophy, Education, and the Doomsday Threat," Review of Educational Research, 39(December, 1969), 607-621., Leonard J. Waks

Annotation: Describes analytic philosophy and shows how it can be used in analysis of educational terms such as "teaching," "learning," "aims," and others.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Aims and Objectives, Teaching/Learning Process

Walberg, Herbert J., Richard P. Niemiec, and Wayne C. Frederick, "Productive Curriculum Time," Peabody Journal of Education, 69(Spring,1994), 86-100., Herbert J. Walberg, Richard P. Niemiec, and Wayne C. Frederick

Annotation: Reviews research on use of time and its effects on learning within the curriculum and the school day and year.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Administration, Leadership, Finance
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Time on Task

Walker, Decker, "Curriculum Policymaking," pp. 280-286 in Marvin C. Alkin, ed., Encyclopedia of Educational Research, 6th ed. New York: Macmillan,1992.*, Decker Walker

Annotation: Summarizes the state of curriculum policy making in the U. S. from 1958 to 1991; notes both national and state processes at work as well as the effects.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History

Walker, Decker F., "Methodological Issues in Curriculum Research," pp. 98-118 in Philip W. Jackson, ed., Handbook of Research on Curriculum. New York: Macmillan, 1992., Decker F. Walker

Annotation: Reviews writings on scientific and qualitative research methods in general and in curriculum, and proposes a method of formative curriculum research appropriate to use with practical curriculum problems.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Relation of Curriculum Research to Practice
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Multiple/Mixed Forms of Inquiry, Scientific/Empirical Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation

Walker, Decker F., "Toward Comprehension of Curricular Realities," pp. 268-308 in Lee S. Shulman, ed., Review of Research in Education, 4: 1976. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock, 1977.*, Decker F. Walker

Annotation: Reviews research in four domains of curriculum: curriculum in relation to student achievement, curriculum change in relation to social forces, change processes within school and classroom, and studies of the curriculum field itself.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Research and Inquiry-General, Curriculum as a Field of Practice and Study, Curriculum Change
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Program Audit/Evaluation, Student Assessment, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum

Walker, Decker F., and Jon Schaffarzick, "Comparing Curricula," Review of Educational Research, 44(Winter, 1974), 83-111. Reprinted pp. 412-441 in Arno A. Bellack and Herbert M. Kliebard, eds., Curriculum and Evaluation. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, 1977.*, Decker F. Walker and Jon Schaffarzick

Annotation: Reviews studies that compare results of various subject curricula and draws implications from these results.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, School Subjects

Ward, Spencer A., "The Philosopher as Synthesizer," Educational Theory, 31(Winter, 1981), 51-72., Spencer A. Ward

Annotation: Discusses issues in synthesizing knowledge and the processes involved.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation

Weingarten, Ira, "Conceptualizing the Reconceptualists," Paper given at AERA, 1975, ERIC Document No. ED 106 180., Ira Weingarten

Annotation: Summarizes contributions of artistic and other approaches to curriculum inquiry.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists, Curriculum as a Field of Practice and Study
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Multiple/Mixed Forms of Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum

Weiss, Carol, "Knowledge Creep and Decision Accretion," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 1(March, 1980), 381-404., Carol Weiss

Annotation: Discusses problems with decision making using research knowledge.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation

Weiss, Joel, "Assessing Nonconventional Outcomes of Schooling," pp. 405-454 in David C. Berliner, ed., Review of Research in Education, 8:1980 . Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association, 1980.*, Joel Weiss

Annotation: Interprets evaluative studies of conventional and non-conventional program outcomes and critiques theories and methods for doing such research.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Evaluation, Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Curriculum Aims and Objectives

Westbury, Ian, "Curriculum Evaluation," Review of Educational Research, 40(April, 1970), 239-260., Ian Westbury

Annotation: Discusses issues in and examples of curriculum evaluation .

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Evaluation, Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation

Westbury, Ian, "Didaktik and Curriculum Studies," pp. 47-77 in Bjorg B. Gundem and Stefan Hopmann, eds., Didaktik and /or Curriculum. New York: Peter Lang, 1998.*, Ian Westbury

Annotation: Contrasts in an extended treatment the conceptions of the German tradition of Didaktik and U. S. conceptions of curriculum.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Conceptions and Theories, Curriculum Definitions
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay, Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History

Westbury, Ian, "Making Curricula: Why Do States Make Curricula, and How?" pp. 45-65 in F. Michael Connelly, Ming Fang He, and JoAnn Phillion, eds., The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2008., Ian Westbury

Annotation: Describes how states manage curriculum making and reforms; includes examples from several countries

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum and Politics, Government Role in Educational Research & Development, Comparative Curriculum, Content Selection and Organization

Wiles, Kimball, and Woodrow Sugg, "Factors Influencing Curriculum Development," Review of Educational Research, 24(June, 1954), 195-203., Kimball Wiles and Woodrow Sugg

Annotation: Gives brief overview of influence of laymen and educators and needed research.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum and Politics

Wirt, Frederick M., and Michael W. Kirst, "Curricular Decisions in the Political System," pp. 202-225 in Fredrick M.Wirt and Michael W. Kirst, The Political Web of American Schools . Boston: Little Brown and Co, 1972. Revised edition, 1975, under the title Political and Social Foundations of Education. Berkley, CA: McCutchan., Frederick M. Wirt and Michael W. Kirst

Annotation: Revises and extends their 1971 RER article, "An Analysis of Curriculum Policy-Making." (Kirst, first author)

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum and Politics

Wixson, Karen K, Elizabeth Dutro, and Ruth G. Athan, "The Challenge of Developing Content Standards," pp. 69-107 in Robert E. Floden, ed., Review of Research in Education, 27: 2003. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association, 2004.*, Karen K. Wixson, Elizabeth Dutro, and Ruth G. Athan

Annotation: Traces the history of the entire content standards movement, with special attention to the English language arts, both state and national influences.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry, Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Curriculum Standards and Testing, English, Freedom/Authority and Curriculum, Government Role in Educational Research & Development, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum

Wolf, Fredric M., Meta-Analysis: Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1986.*, Fredric M. Wolf

Annotation: Summarizes methods used in doing meta-analyses of quantitative research studies, cites illustrative studies, and sets forth criticisms of these methods.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation

Wolf, W. C., Jr., "Selected Knowledge Diffusion/Utilization Know-How," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 2(March, 1981), 331-340., W. C. Wolf Jr.

Annotation: Presents a summary of techniques.

Broad Topical Focus: Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Utilization

Wright, Handel Kashope, "Nailing Jell-O to the Wall: Pinpointing Aspects of State-of-the-art Curriculum Theorizing," Educational Researcher, 29 (June-July, 2000), 4-13.*, Handel Kashope Wright

Annotation: Identifies five characteristics of contemporary curriculum theory and illustrates two of these (politics of difference and the struggle between traditionalists and the currently dominant reconceptualists) with data from the 1999 Division B-AERA program.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Conceptions and Theories, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Theory Creation and Uses

Young, Michael, "From Constructivism to Realism in the Sociology of the Curriculum." pp. 1-28 in Gregory J. Kelly, Allan Luke, and Judith Green, eds., What Counts as Knowledge in Educational Settings: Disciplinary Knowledge, Assessment, and Curriculum. Review of Research in Education, 32, 2008. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association, 2008., Michael Young

Annotation: Provides a thorough summary of the author's and other related work on the sociology of knowledge and the curriculum.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Conceptions and Theories
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum and the Disciplines, Content Selection and Organization

Zaltman, Gerald, "Knowledge Utilization as Planned Social Change," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 1(September, 1979), 82-105., Gerald Zaltman

Annotation: Relates knowledge utilization to the literature on planned social change.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Change, Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Utilization

Zeichner, Kenneth, "Educational Action Research," pp. 273-283 in Peter Reason and Hilary Bradbury, eds., Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001.*, Kenneth Zeichner

Annotation: Summarizes action research work in English-speaking countries and describes variations across this work.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry, Action Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Comparative Curriculum, Knowledge Generation

Zeichner, Kenneth M., and Hilary G. Conklin, "Teacher Education Programs," pp. 645-735 in Marilyn Cockran-Smith and Kenneth Zeichner, eds., Studying Teacher Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005., Kenneth M. Zeichner and Hilary G. Conklin

Annotation: Reviews research on teacher education program structures and outcomes, both traditional and alternative, and proposes a research agenda for the future.

Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Research Domains and Structure, Defining Curriculum Research Questions
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Teacher Education, Content Selection and Organization