CIRS: Curriculum Inquiry and Related Studies from Educational Research: A Searchable Bibliography of Selected Studies
Citations from 1985
Hopkins, David, A Teacher's Guide to Classroom Research . Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press, 1985., David A. Hopkins
Annotation: Gives an introduction to action research for teachers.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Action Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Classroom Observation & Research
Kimpston, Richard D., "Curriculum Fidelity and the Implementation Tasks Employed by Teachers: A Research Study," Journal of Curriculum Studies, 17(April-June, 1985), 185-!95.*, Richard D. Kimpston
Annotation: Reports a scientific study of variables related to the fidelity of a curriculum implementation effort.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching, Curriculum Change
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Implementation
Annotation: Discusses the role of action research in reflective action.
Broad Topical Focus: Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry, Relation of Curriculum Research to Practice
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Action Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Utilization
Annotation: Conceptualizes a model for curriculum development and evaluation.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Evaluation, Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry, Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Spodek, Bernard, "Reflections in Early Childhood Education," The Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 6(Fall, 1985), 54-64., Bernard Spodek
Annotation: Discusses Macdonald as an early childhood educator.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Early Childhood Curriculum
Brown, L. David, "People-Centered Development and Participatory Research," Harvard Educational Review, 55(February, 1985), 69-75., L. David Brown
Annotation: Makes the case for combining these two approaches and illustrates this with a project in India.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Development as Inquiry, Action Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Development Strategies, Comparative Curriculum, Teacher Research
Annotation: Covers the relation of educative-action to educational knowledge, professional knowledge from action-reasearch, research and practice, and the institutionalization of action research.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Relation of Curriculum Research to Practice
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Action Inquiry
Type of Study: Status Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Designing a Naturalistic Inquiry," pp. 221-249 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*, Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba
Annotation: Defines 10 elements to be confronted in designing a naturalistic inquiry.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Orpwood, Graham W. F., "The Reflective Deliberator: A Case Study of Curriculum Policymaking," Journal of Curriculum Studies, 17(July-September, 1985), 293-304.*, Graham W. F. Orpwood
Annotation: Reports a case study of the deliberative process and arguements employed in a science curriculum policy making setting in a local Ontario school board.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Deliberative Inquiry
Type of Study: Case Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Deliberation, Science, Comparative Curriculum
Terhart, Ewald, "The Adventures of Interpretation: Approaches to Validity," Curriculum Inquiry, 15(Winter, 1985), 451-464., Ewald Terhart
Annotation: Discusses three types of interpretive research in education--ethnographic/descriptive, dialogical, and structuralist--and argues for validating each.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry, Hermeneutic Inquiry, Phenomenological Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Qualitative Research, Comparisons Among Inquiry Modes
Annotation: Describes eight ways of knowing and offers six perspectives on their role in curriculum and other areas of educational practices.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making,Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Normative Inquiry
Type of Study: Collection of Studies
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Curriculum and the Disciplines
Green, Thomas F., "The Formation of Conscience in an Age of Technology," American Journal of Education, 94(November, 1985), 1-32., Thomas F. Green
Annotation: Elucidates conscience as craft, membership, sacrifice, memory, imagination.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Normative Inquiry,Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization
Annotation: Defines and describes aesthetic ways of knowing.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Aesthetic Inquiry and Curriculum Criticism
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Aesthetics Education, Content Selection and Organization, Curriculum and the Disciplines
Annotation: Reviews conceptions of knowledge, transfer, and utilization; identifies several models of the overall process and several factors affecting it; discusses research on the problem; gives two case studies of knowledge utilization.
Broad Topical Focus: Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Utilization, Knowledge Linkage
Annotation: Suggests ways of fostering intellectual growth in teachers such as doing naturalistic research.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Teacher Knowledge, Teacher Education
Annotation: Describes procedures for data formatting, cross-referral, indexing, abstracting, and pagination for use in qualitative evaluation studies.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Evaluation, Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry, Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Qualitative Research
Mitchell, Earlene, "The Eight Year Study: A Story Not to Be Forgotten," The Educational Forum, 50(Fall, 1985), 11-21., Earlene Mitchell
Annotation: Reviews the Eight-Year Study and its findings; points to lessons for today.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Classics of Curriculum Literature, Curriculum History
Resnick, Daniel P., and Lauren B. Resnick, "Standards, Curriculum, and Performance: A Historical and Comparative Perspective," Educational Researcher, 14(April, 1985), 5-20.*, Daniel P. Resnick and Lauren B. Resnick
Annotation: Traces the history of efforts to employ curriculum standards and assessment as instruments of curriculum improvement.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Evaluation, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Standards and Testing, Curriculum Differentiation, Curriculum Aims and Objectives, Evaluation of Instruction, Student Assessment
Annotation: Discusses the history of women teachers in the U. S. and England.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching,Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry,Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Comparative Curriculum, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Curriculum History
Morrison, Keith, "Tension in Subject Specialist Teaching in Primary Schools," Curriculum, 6(Summer, 1985), 24-29., Keith Morrison
Annotation: Analyzes the problem of teaching content specialties in the primary schools in England
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design,Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: School Subjects, Content Selection and Organization, Comparative Curriculum, Elementary School Curriculum
O'Shea, Joseph A., and George A. Antonelli, "Ralph W. Tyler: Mentor and Force for Excellence," Kappa Delta Pi Record, 22(Fall, 1985), 18-22., Joseph A. O'Shea and George A. Antonelli
Annotation: Reviews Tyler's work as teacher and professor.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists, Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History, Curriculum Professors
Annotation: Reveiws size, topics addressed, impact, and design problems related to policy research done in USA over three decades.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry, Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Implementation, Knowledge Utilization
Connelly, F. Michael, and D. Jean Clandinin, "Personal Practical Knowledge and the Modes of Knowing: Relevance for Teaching and Learning," pp. 174-198 in Elliot W. Eisner, ed., Learning and Teaching the Ways of Knowing, 84th Yearbook of the NSSE, Part II. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1985., F. Michael Connelly and D. Jean Clandinin
Annotation: Stresses learning the modes of knowing within narrative unities; gives special attention to teachers' experiential modes of knowing and meaning-making.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Practical Knowledge, Teacher Knowledge
Johnston, Bill, "Organizational Structure and Ideology in Schooling," Educational Theory, 35(Fall, 1985), 333-343., Bill Johnston
Annotation: Examines the bureaucratic centralist authoritarianism ideology at work in school organization.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching, Curriculum Administration, Leadership, Finance
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry, Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Ideology and School Knowledge, Organization Theory
Clandinin, D. Jean, "Personal Practical Knowledge: A Study of Teachers' Classroom Images," Curriculum Inquiry, 15(Winter, 1985), 361-385., D. Jean Clandinin
Annotation: Reports a study of teachers' personal practical knowledge in the classroom and the images used to characterize the classroom.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry, Phenomenological Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Teacher Knowledge, Practical Knowledge, Teaching/Learning Process
Janesick, Valerie J., "Ethnographic Research in Education: A Case Study on the Fillmore Arts Center," Educational Horizons, 63(Summer, 1985), 142-146., Valerie J. Janesick
Annotation: Reports an ethnographic study of an arts program.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Case Study
Narrow Topic: Art Education
Inglis, Fred, The Management of Ignorance: A Political Theory of the Curriculum. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985., Fred Inglis
Annotation: Critiques British curriculum ideologies of class and power; poses a political theory of curriculum.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences, Curriculum Conceptions and Theories
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Comparative Curriculum
Howe, Kenneth R., "Two Dogmas of Educational Research," Educational Researcher, 14(October, 1985), 10-18.*, Kenneth R. Howe
Annotation: Shows how, when positivist and postpositivist dogmas of educational research are set aside, general criteria for evaluating research can apply to all research.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Multiple/Mixed Forms of Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum
Feinberg, Walter, and Jonas F. Soltis, "The Hidden Curriculum Revisited," pp. 59-71 in Walter Feinberg and Jonas F. Soltis, School and Society . New York: Teachers College Press, 1985., Walter Feinberg and Jonas F. Soltis
Annotation: Examines the nature and practice of the hidden curriculum.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Hidden Curriculum
Prakash, Madhu Suri, and Leonard Joseph Waks, "Four Conceptions of Excellence," Teachers College Record, 87(Fall, 1985), 79-101., Madhu Suri Prakash and Leonard Joseph Waks
Annotation: Conceptualizes excellence as proficiency , as disciplinary initiation, as self-actualization, and as social responsibility.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Aims and Objectives, Curriculum as Experience, Curriculum Standards and Testing
Annotation: Peresents a qualitative picture of medical education by a professor in the program.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Aesthetic Inquiry and Curriculum Criticism
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Higher Education Curriculum
Burke, Melva M., "The Personal and Professional Journey of James B. Macdonald," The Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 6(Fall, 1985), 84-119., Melva M. Burke
Annotation: Gives a thorough story of Macdonald's life and professional career.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Curriculum Professors
Greene, Maxine, "Consciousness and the Public Space: Discovering a Pedagogy," Phenomenology + Pedagogy, 3(No. 2, 1985), 69-83., Maxine Greene
Annotation: Argues for teachers to interact with the public community to pursue freedom, critical understanding, and transformation.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Teaching/Learning Process, Curriculum and Politics
Stinson, Susan W., "Curriculum and the Morality of Aesthetics," The Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 6(Fall, 1985), 66-83., Susan W. Stinson
Annotation: Discusses Macdonald's contribution related to moral dimensions of education in the arts.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Aesthetics and Curriculum, Values in the Classroom
Beyer, Landon E., "Educational Reform: The Political Roots of National Risk," Curriculum Inquiry, 15(Spring, 1985), 37-56., Landon E. Beyer
Annotation: Analyzes the reports alleging risk in education and uncovers their political roots.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Curriculum Change
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Ideology and School Knowledge, Criticism of Schooling
Annotation: Examines interdisciplinarity as a mode of curriculum organization.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Status Study
Narrow Topic: Comparative Curriculum, Content Selection and Organization, Curriculum and the Disciplines
Maling, Jillian, and Bruce Keepes, "Educational Research and Evaluation," pp. 265-285 in Elliot W. Eisner, ed., Learning and Teaching the Ways of Knowing, 84th Yearbook of the NSSE, Part II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985., Jillian Maling and Bruce Keepes
Annotation: Gives some criticisms of the dominant paradigm and notes some recent developments in its use; describes the alternative qualitative paradigm; urges training in these approaches.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Qualitative Research
Fenstermacher, Gary D., and David C. Berliner, "Determining the Value of Staff Development," The Elementary School Journal, 85(January, 1985), 281-314., Gary D. Fenstermacher and David C. Berliner
Annotation: Establishes evaluation criteria on worth, merit, and success; presented in the context of a staff development evaluation project.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Conceptions and Theories, Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Evaluative Inquiry, Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, In-service Teacher Development
Annotation: Describes the dominant mode of curriculum evaluation and alternative qualitative approaches with examples.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Ampliative Criticism, Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Qualitative Research
Carr, Wilfred, "Philosophy, Values, and Educational Science," Journal of Curriculum Studies, 17(April-June, 1985), 119-132.*, Wilfred Carr
Annotation: Examines the contention that values should be eliminated from educational research and argues that their inclusion does not make research impossible.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Research and Inquiry-General, Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Inquiry Language in Curriculum Research
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Ampliative Criticism, Normative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum
Otto, Wayne, "The Ethnography of Schooling," Journal of Reading, 28(February, 1985), 476-479.*, Wayne Otto
Annotation: Discusses briefly general considerations concerning doing ethnography in schools.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Beyer, Landon E., "Political Notes and Notices," Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 2(Summer, 1985), 150-161.*, Landon E. Beyer
Annotation: Offers an argument for political activity by educators with several examples.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Conceptions and Theories, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum and Politics, Professionalization in Curriculum, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum
Annotation: Identifies ten priorities in curriculum as viewed by the author.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Research Domains and Structure,Curriculum Policies and Policy Making,Defining Curriculum Research Questions
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay,Normative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Annotation: Contrasts two models of school evaluation: external and self-evaluation.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Change,Curriculum Evaluation,Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis,Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Program Audit/Evaluation
Heap, James L., "Discourse in the Production of Classroom Knowledge: Reading Lessons," Curriculum Inquiry, 15(Fall, 1985), 247-279., James L. Heap
Annotation: Presents a study of reading lessons and the constitutive activities that are seen as knowledge in these lessons.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Reading, Teaching/Learning Process, Discourse Analysis, Comparative Curriculum
Annotation: Consists of imaginary dialogue between representatives of three approaches to literary analysis of curriculum; an article follows responding to this article.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Aesthetic Inquiry and Curriculum Criticism
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Annotation: Sets forth a thorough treatment of the topic.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry, Multiple/Mixed Forms of Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Annotation: Reviews and elucidates Schwab's conception of the practical, and critiques and amplifies various aspects of his conception.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Conceptions and Theories, Curriculum Decision-making Processes
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Ampliative Criticism
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Deliberation
Young, Jean Helen, "Participation in Curriculum Development: An Inquiry into the Responses of Teachers," Curriculum Inquiry, 15(Winter, 1985), 387-414., Jean Helen Young
Annotation: Reports a study of teachers' responses regarding their participation in curriculum development.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Decision-making Processes, Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Deliberation
Sternberg, Robert J., and David R. Caruso, "Practical Modes of Knowing," pp. 133 -158 in Elliot W. Eisner,ed., Learning and Teaching the Ways of Knowing, Eighty-fourth Yearbook of the NSSE, Part II. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1985., Robert J. Sternberg and David R. Caruso
Annotation: Defines practical knowledge and discusses the transmission and acquisition of practical knowledge.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Action Inquiry, Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Practical Knowledge
Annotation: Provides a tribute to Macdonald's contributions to the curriculum field.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists, Curriculum as a Field of Practice and Study
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry, Critical Inquiry, Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History, Curriculum Theory Creation and Uses
Argyris, Chris, Robert Putnam, and Diane Maclain Smith, Action Science: Concepts, Methods, and Skills for Research and Intervention . San Franciso: Jossey-Bass, 1985., Chris Argyris, Robert Putnam, and Diane Maclain Smith
Annotation: Presents a thorough treatment of scientific action research and intervention.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Action Inquiry, Scientific/Empirical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Annotation: Describes social and interpersonal knowledge and ways these may be developed in classrooms.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Action Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Practical Knowledge
Annotation: Envisions inquiry-based teacher education curricula.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Proposals in Coherent Form, Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Defining Curriculum Research Questions
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Teacher Education
Grumet, Madeleine R., "The Work of James B. Macdonald: Theory Fierce with Reality," The Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 6(Fall, 1985), 19-27., Madeleine R. Grumet
Annotation: Presents highlights and significance of the work of Macdonald.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History
Annotation: Asserts that laws are not the way to get educational change.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Curriculum Change
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Deliberative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Deliberation, Local Control of Schooling
Committee on Research in Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education, Mathematics, Science, and Technology of Education: A Research Agenda . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1985., Committee on Research
Annotation: Provides a research agenda on these subjects.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Research Domains and Structure, Defining Curriculum Research Questions
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Mathematics, Science, Computers and Technology as Subjects
Donmoyer, Robert, "Cognitive Anthropology and Research on Effective Principals," Educational Adminstration Quarterly, 21(Spring, 1985), 31-57.*, Robert Donmoyer
Annotation: Reports a study of successful principals using ethnographic semantics as a research method.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Administration, Leadership, Finance, Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Curriculum Specialists in Schools
Cherryholmes, Cleo H., "Theory and Practice: On the Role of Empirically Based Theory for Critical Practice," American Journal of Education, 94(November, 1985), 39-70.*, Cleo H. Cherryholmes
Annotation: Addresses the uses of theory and of practice in the literature of educational research, especially in relation to critical inquiry.
Broad Topical Focus: Relation of Curriculum Research to Practice,Curriculum Research and Inquiry-General
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Ideology and School Knowledge, Practical Knowledge, Curriculum and Politics
Greene, Maxine, "Jeremiad and Curriculum: The Haunting of the Secondary School," Curriculum Inquiry, 15(Fall, 1985), 333-345., Maxine Greene
Annotation: Looks at historical trends in secondary school curriculum which reflect perspectives of sacred ideals in the context of presumed failure to achieve them.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Secondary School Curriculum, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum
Annotation: Sets forth the history of curriculum reform from 1890s to 1920s.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Change, Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History
Annotation: Presents the case for doing case studies and describes the features of case study inquiries.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Multiple/Mixed Forms of Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Short, Edmund C., "Organizing What We Know About Curriculum," Curriculum Inquiry, 15(Fall, 1985), 237-243.*, Edmund C. Short
Annotation: Presents domains of curriculum knowledge and argures for determining questions for inquiry in each domain.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Research Domains and Structure, Defining Curriculum Research Questions
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry, Integrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Annotation: Places curriculum theorists Macdonald, Huebner, Greene, and Pinar in relation to the thought of Martin Buber.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Normative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum
Burgess, Robert G., ed., Field Methods in the Study of Education . Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1985., Robert G. Burgess
Annotation: Reports a 1982 British conference on ethnographic research; covers theoretical issues, data collection, and field methods.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Collection of Studies
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Comparative Curriculum
Tulley, Michael A., and Roger Farr, "The Purposes of State Level Textbook Adoption: What Does the Legislation Reveal?" Journal of Research and Development in Education, 18(Winter, 1985), 1-6., Michael A. Tulley and Roger Farr
Annotation: Provides a case study of legislating state textbook adoptions.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Deliberative Inquiry
Type of Study: Case Study
Narrow Topic: Textbooks, Curriculum Deliberation, Freedom/Authority and Curriculum, Local Control of Schooling
Oberg, Antoinette, "Curriculum Study and Professional Practice: How Are They Linked?" Journal of Curriculum Studies, 17(April-June, 1985), 207-209., Antoinette Oberg
Annotation: Reports a study of the impact of graduate study on professional practice; lists evaluative questions and data used in the study.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Decision-making Processes, Curriculum as a Field of Practice and Study
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Programs of Study in Curriculum and Instruction, Program Audit/Evaluation
Dienskl, Ien, "Beyond Words: On the Experience of the Ineffable," Phenomenology+Pedagogy, 3(1985), 3-19., Ien Dienskl
Annotation: Explores ways of describing the ineffable in qualitative studies of experience.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Phenomenological Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum as Experience, Knowledge Generation, Qualitative Research, Conceptions of Teaching
Annotation: Describes textbook publishing in the U. S.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry, Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Textbooks, Ideology and School Knowledge
Alexander, William M., "Hollis L. Caswell," Kappa Delta Pi Record, 22(Fall, 1985), 11-13., William M. Alexander
Annotation: Gives a personal view of Caswell's contributions to education.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Middle School Curriculum
Annotation: Explains the theoretic basis of pedagogical tactfulness, introduces phenomenological research, and illustrates inquiry in this mode; followed by a response to this article.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Phenomenological Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Nolan, James F., and Edmund C. Short, "Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Modes of Inquiry to Inform Curriculum Deliberation: A Proposed Framework," Curriculum Perspectives, 5(May, 1985), 15-23.*, James F. Nolan and Edmund C. Short
Annotation: Conceptualizes a three-stage model of curriculum evaluation utilizing several forms of inquiry in the context of deliberation.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Evaluative Inquiry, Multiple/Mixed Forms of Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Qualitative Research
Rudduck, Jean, and David Hopkins, eds., Research as a Basis for Teaching: Readings from the Work of Lawrence Stenhouse . Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books, 1985., Jean Rudduck and David Hopkins
Annotation: Collects excerpts from the writings of Stenhouse on curriculum research and the teacher.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists, Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Action Inquiry
Type of Study: Collection of Studies
Narrow Topic: Teacher Research, Conceptions of Teaching
Popkewitz, Thomas S., "Educational Evaluation as a Political Form," pp. 157-182 in his Paradigm and Ideology in Educational Research . London: Falmer Press, 1985., Thomas S. Popkewitz
Annotation: Shows how evaluation can be a rational science or can be transformed to address issues of social, philosophic, and political import.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences, Curriculum Evaluation
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Critical Inquiry, Evaluative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Whitty, Geoff, Sociology and School Knowledge: Curriculum Theory, Research, and Politics . London: Methuen, 1985., Geoff Whitty
Annotation: Explores the political and social issues in curriculum from the perspective of critical sociology of knowledge.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Ideology and School Knowledge
Annotation: Identifies and explains four types of theory (explanatory, doctrines, applied, practice) and analyzes the requirements of communication for expressing and guiding curriculum practice.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Guides, Plans, Documents, Materials, Relation of Curriculum Research to Practice, Inquiry Language in Curriculum Research, Curriculum Conceptions and Theories
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Theory Creation and Uses, Knowledge Utilization
Annotation: Describes four existing systems of curriculum thought and poses a fifith--the ways of knowing--within which curriculum decisions can be oriented.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Conceptions and Theories, Curriculum Research Domains and Structure
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Content Selection and Organization, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Curriculum Deliberation, Curriculum and the Disciplines, Practical Knowledge
Annotation: Notes the place of critical and valuation theory in curriculum; critiques past curriculum theory and urges pursuit of emancipatory curriculum theory.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Conceptions and Theories
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Normative Inquiry, Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Curriculum and Politics
Annotation: Gives personal reflection on Macdonald's life and influence.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Theorists
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Theory Creation and Uses, Curriculum History
Giroux, Henry A., "Critical Pedagogy and the Resisting Intellectual, Part II," Phenomenology + Pedagogy, 3(No. 2, 1985), 84-97., Henry A. Giroux
Annotation: Continues his two-part article from Vol. 3 No. l on the intellectual role of the teacher; discusses four types of intellectuals: resisting, critical, accommodating, and hegemonic.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Ampliative Criticism, Philosophical Inquiry-Speculative Essay, Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Hidden Curriculum, Authority of Teacher
Annotation: Describes an honors class using educational criticism.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Aesthetic Inquiry and Curriculum Criticism
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*, Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba
Annotation: Reviews the assumptions and criticisms associated with the positivist paradigm of inquiry and sets forth the axioms of the postpositivist naturalistic paradigm.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Multiple/Mixed Forms of Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum
Rosales-Dordelly, Carmen L., and Edmund C. Short, Curriculum Professors' Specialized Knowledge . Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985., Carmen L. Rosales-Dordelly and Edmund C. Short
Annotation: Reports a study of curriculum knowledge deemed significant by professors of curriculum.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum as a Field of Practice and Study
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry
Type of Study: Survey
Narrow Topic: Literature of Curriculum, Professionalization in Curriculum, Curriculum Professors
Annotation: Discusses the tension between teachers work under control ideology and teachers as intellectuals.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Teaching/Learning Process, Teacher Knowledge, Authority of Teacher
Annotation: Gives a practical way of doing content analysis with qualitative research data.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Content Analysis
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Qualitative Research
Aronowitz, Stanley, and Henry A. Giroux, "Curriculum Theory and the Language of Possibility," pp. 139-162 in Stanley Aronowitz and Henry A. Giroux, Education Under Siege . South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey, 1985.*, Stanley Aronowitz and Henry A. Giroux
Annotation: Advocates linking cultural politics and the language of critique and possibility to curriculum theory.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Conceptions and Theories, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Critical Inquiry
Type of Study: Status Study
Narrow Topic: Ideology and School Knowledge, Knowledge Generation, Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Curriculum Theory Creation and Uses, Curriculum and Politics
Tittle, Carol Kehr, "Research on Sex Equity in Education: An Agenda for the Divisions, SIG's and AERA," Educational Researcher, 14(November, 1985), 10-18., Carol Kehr Tittle
Annotation: Examines the research on sex equity in education and recommends actions in AERA based upon her findings.
Broad Topical Focus: Defining Curriculum Research Questions, Curriculum Research Domains and Structure, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: American/International Curriculum Organizations
Annotation: Gives an analysis of 50 cases of school-based curriculum development reported in British journals 1973-1983.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Research Synthesis
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Development Strategies, Comparative Curriculum
Kennedy, Kerry J., and Nitza Shafriri, "Knowledge Utilization and the Process of Curriculum Development: A Report," Journal of Curriculum Studies, 17 (January-March, 1985), 103-106., Kerry J. Kennedy and Nitza Shafriri
Annotation: Reports the use of Walker's model in a series of studies of curriculum development.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Guides, Plans, Documents, Materials
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Development Strategies, Comparative Curriculum, Knowledge Utilization
Annotation: Argues that culture-free intelligence is a contradiction in terms; reviews IQ testing; discusses context-sensitive approaches.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Development, Organization, Design, Curriculum Contexts and Societal Influences
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Psychology and Curriculum, Ideology and School Knowledge, Curriculum Standards and Testing
Burgess, Robert G., ed., Strategies of Educational Research: Qualitative Methods. London: Falmer Press, 1985., Robert G. Burgess
Annotation: Presents eleven articles on a variety of qualitative research methods.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Ethnographic Inquiry
Type of Study: Collection of Studies
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Qualitative Research
Pereira, Peter, and Thomas W. Roby, eds., Conceptions of Curriculum Knowledge: Focus on Historical Movements . Chicago: The Mid-West Center for Curriculum Studies, 1985., Peter Pereira and Thomas W. Roby
Annotation: Contains essays by Dunkel on educational innovation and by Connell, Posner, and Schubert on science curriculum.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making, Publication Outlets for Curriculum Research and Inquiry, Curriculum Change
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Collection of Studies
Narrow Topic: Curriculum History, Science
Annotation: Argues for the study of the history of school subjects in the secondary curriculum.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines,Curriculum Research Domains and Structure
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Historical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: School Subjects, Secondary School Curriculum, Curriculum History
Annotation: Posits components of a literature review (focus, goals, prespective, coverage, organization, audience) and uses them to analyze examples; suggests other uses for the taxonomy.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Integrative Inquiry, Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Knowledge Utilization
Annotation: Describes the scientific method of research and related topics.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation, Science
Annotation: Contrasts two modes of thought by various constituent elements.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines, Curriculum Development, Organization, Design
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Scientific/Empirical Inquiry, Narrative Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Value Assumptions and Ideologies in Curriculum, Content Selection and Organization, Knowledge Generation
Miller, Donald F., "Social Policy: An Exercise in Metaphor," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, and Utilization, 7(December, 1985), 191-215., Donald F. Miller
Annotation: Discusses seven modes of metaphor in the context of a critique of Schon's work on metaphors in social policy formation.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Policies and Policy Making,Inquiry Language in Curriculum Research
Source Discipline: Field other than Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Ampliative Criticism
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Theory Creation and Uses
Annotation: Describes a strategy used by low-achieving students.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Enactment and Teaching
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Aesthetic Inquiry and Curriculum Criticism, Phenomenological Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum as Experience, Exceptional Education
Tripp, David H., "Case Study Generalization: An Agenda for Action," British Educational Research Journal, 11(No. 1, 1985), 33-43., David H. Tripp
Annotation: Puts forth an agenda for action regarding the uses of case study results.
Broad Topical Focus: Critique and Utilization of Curriculum Research and Inquiry, Curriculum Inquiry Guidelines
Source Discipline: Education
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Theoretical/Conceptual Inquiry
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Knowledge Generation
Annotation: Presents three ways of resolving the mismatch between policy and action with an Austrailian example.
Broad Topical Focus: Curriculum Change,Curriculum Decision-making Processes
Source Discipline: Curriculum
Mode of Inquiry in the Study: Philosophical Inquiry-Conceptual Analysis
Type of Study: Single Study
Narrow Topic: Curriculum Development Strategies, Comparative Curriculum